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Statistics for German casualties in World War II are varied and uncertain. Multiple German and European governments, organizations and individuals have attempted to calculate the number of German casualties but there are many differences between the findings of these studies. Several reasons for these inconsistences exist due to the fact that existing studies don't all measure the same periods (e.g. some studies have included the deaths of Germans in the period immediately before and/or after World War II), some studies don't agree on their definitions of who should be counted as a "German" (e.g. some studies have included the deaths of all ethnic Germans and not simply those who were citizens of Nazi-Germany during the 1930s and/or the 1940s), and the accuracy of historical records is not always certain. The wartime military casualty figures compiled by German High Command, up until January 31,1945, are often cited by military historians when covering individual campaigns in the war. Post war German estimates of military deaths range from approximately 4.3〔Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 Page 148〕 to 5.3 million〔Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1 pages 52-66〕 armed forces personnel. Civilian deaths, due to the flight and expulsion of Germans and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, are sometimes included with World War II casualties. The figures for the death toll are disputed and range from 500,000〔(Die Flucht der deutschen Bevölkerung 1944/45 )〕 〔Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich ''Ingo Haar, "Bevölkerungsbilanzen und Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung'' Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007 ISBN 978-3-531-15556-2〕〔Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn: ''Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte''. Paderborn 2010, ISBN 978-3-506-77044-8〕to over 2.0 million〔Die deutschen ''Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.'' Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958〕〔Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 p.17(Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The forward to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily)〕〔Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006, ()〕 Estimates of German civilians killed only by Allied bombing have ranged from around 350,000〔Gregory Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Page 74 Geneva 1951.〕〔Richard Overy, ''The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945'' (2013) pp 304-7〕 to 635,000.〔(Erich Hampe "Der Zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg" pp.138-142 ) The figure of 635,000 includes 570,000 civilians, 39,000 foreign workers and prisoners of war and 26,000 police and military personnel. Losses due to air raids without refugees on the eastern front were 500,000, there were an additional 135,000 refugees killed in air raids fleeing the Soviet offensive in 1945.〕〔Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office)〕〔The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78.〕 In 2005 the German government Suchdienste (Search Service) put the total combined German military and civilian war dead at 7,375,800, including German speaking foreign nationals who lived outside of the borders of Germany and Austria.〔()|Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 p.12 (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The forward to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily〕 This statistic did not include 200,000 German persons with mental and/or physical disabilities who were murdered in the Nazi euthanasia program.〔Das Bundesarchiv ''Das Inventar der Quellen zur Geschichte der "Euthanasie"-Verbrechen 1939–1945'' (report available online at Bundesarchiv website)〕 ==German casualties in English language sources== Estimated figures for German World War II casualties are divergent and contradictory. The authors of the ''Oxford Companion to World War II'' maintain that ''casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable''〔I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot ''Oxford Companion to World War II'' Oxford, 2005 ISBN 0-19-280670-X page 225〕 The following is a list of published statistics for German casualties in World War II. * Encyclopedia Britannica, article World Wars (2010) Military-killed, died of wounds or in prison-3,500,000; wounded-5,000,000; prisoners or missing 3,400,000; civilian deaths due to war 780,000. Estimated total deaths 4,200,000. (Military deaths include men conscripted outside of Germany, in addition perhaps 250,000 died of natural causes, suicide or were executed. Civilian deaths do not include Austria or 2,384,000 deaths in the Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) 〔''Encyclopedia Britannica'', article World Wars, 2010〕 * Oxford Companion to World War II (2005) Military losses- Germany 4,500,000, Austria 230,000 Civilian losses- Germany 2,000,000, Austria 144,000. Total losses- Germany and Austria- 6,874,000.〔 *World War II Desk Reference (2004) 1,810,061 combat deaths and 1,902,704 missing and presumed dead, total 3,712,865. Civilians killed 3,600,000.〔Brinkley, Douglas, ''World War II Desk Reference'' , Collins Reference , 2004 ISBN 9780060526511 pages 432-435〕 * Encyclopedia of World War Two (2004) Battle deaths 2,049,872; wounded 4,879,875; missing in action 1,902,704. Civilians dead 410,000.〔Spencer C. Tucker ,''Encyclopedia of world war two'', Abc-Clio Inc , 2004 9781576079997 pages 300-301〕 * Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference (2002) Total military dead all causes 3,250,00 including battle deaths of 2,850,000; wounded 7,250,000. Civilian deaths 593,000 in Anglo-American bombing (including 56,000 foreign workers and 40,000 Austrians), 10,000 killed in the crossfire in the west and 619,000 lost to Soviets and their allies in the east.〔Clodfelter, Michael. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 582-583〕 * Atlas of the Second World War (1997) Germany-military dead 2,850,000; civilian dead 2,300,000. Austria- military dead 380,000; civilian dead 145,000.〔John Keegan ''Atlas of the Second World War'' , HarperCollins 1997 Pages 204-205〕 * World War II – A statistical Survey (1993) Military killed and Missing 3,250,000; wounded 4,606,600. Civilians 2,050,000 by Allies and 300,000 by Germans.〔Ellis, John. ''World War II – A statistical survey'' Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7. pp. 253–254〕 * Harper Encyclopedia of Military History (1993) Military- 2,850,000 dead and 7,250,000 wounded. Civilian dead 500,000.〔Dupuy, Col. Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest, ''Harper Encyclopedia of Military History'', Harper Collins , 1993 ISBN 9780062700568 p.1309〕 * Alan Bullock (1992)- Military dead 3,250,000 and 3,600,000 to 3,810,000 civilian dead.〔Alan Bullock, ''Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives'' Knopf, 1992 ISBN 0394586018, pages 986-988〕 *John Keegan (1990) ''over 4 million'' military dead; 593,000 civilians died ''under air attack''; possibly 1.0 million civilians died in the flight from the Red Army. An additional 2.1 million civilians perished in the expulsions from Eastern Europe.〔Keegan, John, Second World War, Penguin Books , 1990 ISBN 9780140113419 pages 592-593〕 * Rudolph Rummel (1990-1997)- According to the calculations of R. J. Rummel the combined German and Austrian death toll due to the war and political killings by governments (Democide) in the World War Two era was 10.1 million persons. Rummel's maintains that his figures for war dead exclude political killings by governments.〔Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'', Lit Verlag, 1999 (on table 1.6 R. J. Rummel lists 169.2 million Democide deaths and 34.0 million war dead from 1900-1987 for a combined total of 203.2 million)〕〔''Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder'', Transaction Publishers, 1992 (on table 1.1 R. J. Rummel breaks out war dead of 5.2 million for Germany separately from Nazi democide)〕 The details of Rummel's estimates are as follows. ::A. German war dead- 5,200,000 (3,200,000 military and 2,000,000 civilians)〔Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder, Transaction Publishers, 1992 Table A〕 B. Nazi Democide 895,000 (762,000 in Germany and 133,000 in Austria)〔Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder, Transaction Publishers, 1992 Table A〕 C. Soviet Democide- 1,576,000, (469,000 civilians and 1,107,000 German POW)〔Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917, Transaction Publishers, 1990, Tables 7A and 8A〕 C. British Democide- 378,000 civilians killed in area bombing of Germany〔 Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'', Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 14.1〕 D. United States Democide- 37,000 (32,000 civilians killed in area bombing of Germany and 5,000 German POW.)〔Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'', Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 13.1〕 E. French Democide-23,000 German POW.〔Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'', Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 15.1〕 F. Yugoslav Democide- 145,000 (75,000 ethnic Germans and 70,000 POW)〔Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'', Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 9.1〕 g. Hungarian Democide-12,000 ethnic Germans〔Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'', Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 15.1〕 H. Expulsion of the Germans after World War II- 1,863,000 (Poland 1,583,000, Czechoslovakia 197,000 and Yugoslavia 82,000)〔''Death by Government'', Transaction Publishers, 1997 Table 12.1〕 * Wars and War-Related Deaths 1700-1987 (1987)- Germany/Austria total deaths 6,626,000 - Germany (military 4,750,000; civilians 1,471,000), Austria (military 280,000; civilians 125,000)〔Eckhardt, William ''Wars and War-Related Deaths. 1700-1987'',in World Military and Social Expenditures: 1987-1988, ed. Ruth Leger Sivard page 29〕 * Melvin Small and J. David Singer (1982) Germany military dead 3,250,000〔Melvin Small and J. David Singer ''Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816-1980'' Sage 1982 page 91〕 * Quincy Wright (1965) Germany total deaths 3,750,000 - (military 3,250,000; civilians 500,000)〔Quincy Wright ''A Study of War'' revised ed University of Chicago Press. 1965 page 1542〕 *English language sources have put the death toll at 2 to 3 million for the flight and expulsion of the Germans. These figures are based on the West German government figures from the 1960's .〔R.J. Rummel.(''Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'' ) (1,863,000 in post war expulsions and an additional 1.0 million in wartime flight)〕〔Alfred M. de Zayas, ''A terrible Revenge''. Palgrave Macmillan, New York (1994); ISBN 1-4039-7308-3, pp. 152- (2,111,000)〕〔Charles S. Maier, ''The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity'', Harvard University (1988); ISBN 0-674-92975-6, pp. 75- (2,000,000)〕〔Douglas Botting, ''The Aftermath: Europe (World War II)'', Time-Life Books (1983); ISBN 0-8094-3411-3, pp. 21, 81- (2,000,000)〕〔H.W. Schoenberg, ''Germans from the East: A Study of their migration, resettlement and subsequent group history, since 1945'', Springer, London, Ltd. (1970); ISBN 90-247-5044-X, pp. 33- (2,225,000)〕〔Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann & Ernest A. Menze, ''Anchor Atlas of World History, vol. 2'': 1978– (3,000,000)〕〔''Encyclopædia Britannica'': 1992– (2,384,000)〕〔Kurt Glaser & Stephan Possony, ''Victims of Politics'' (1979) – (2,111,000)〕〔Sir John Keegan, ''The Second World War'', 1989 - (3.1 million including 1.0 million during wartime flight)〕〔Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, ''The Expulsion of German Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War'', European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1. pp. 4- (2,000,000)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「German casualties in World War II」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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